![]() 1b–f, 2a–h, 3a–d, f, h, 4b–i and Extended Data Figs. Source Data corresponding to the following figure panels are available with the paper: Fig. High-throughput sequencing data, raw sequencing data, raw and normalized count data, and single-cell clustering assignments generated in this study have been deposited are available from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) accession number GSE114186, and can be visualized at. Our work identifying the human segmentation clock represents an important milestone in understanding human developmental biology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FGF signalling controls the phase and period of oscillations, expanding the role of this pathway beyond its classical interpretation in ‘clock and wavefront’ models 1. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that mouse and human PSM cells in vitro follow a developmental trajectory similar to that of mouse PSM in vivo. Human PSM cells oscillate with a period two times longer than that of mouse cells (5 h versus 2.5 h), but are similarly regulated by FGF, WNT, Notch and YAP signalling 5. Here we show that human PSM cells derived in vitro-as well as those of the mouse 4-recapitulate the oscillations of the segmentation clock. Genetic analyses of patients with severe spine segmentation defects have implicated several human orthologues of cyclic genes that are associated with the mouse segmentation clock, suggesting that this oscillator might be conserved in humans 3. Although this oscillator has been well-characterized in model organisms 1, 2, whether a similar oscillator exists in humans remains unknown. ![]() The tempo of somite formation is controlled by a molecular oscillator known as the segmentation clock 1, 2. The segmental organization of the vertebral column is established early in embryogenesis, when pairs of somites are rhythmically produced by the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). ![]()
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